What type of memory IC must be refreshed periodically to maintain data?

Dynamic Random-Access Memory (DRAM) requires periodic refreshing to retain data because it stores each bit of data in a tiny capacitor within an integrated circuit. These capacitors tend to leak charge over time, meaning that without regular refreshing, the stored data will gradually fade away. The refreshing process involves reading the stored data and writing it back to the same location, which restores the charge in the capacitors and ensures that the data remains intact.

In contrast, Static RAM (SRAM) retains its data as long as power is supplied, and does not need to be refreshed regularly. Flash Memory holds data without power, making it non-volatile, and Read-Only Memory (ROM) is also non-volatile and does not require refreshing. Therefore, DRAM is unique in its need for periodic refresh cycles to maintain data stability.