What elements are combined in a time-domain reflectometer (TDR) to measure transmission line characteristics?

A time-domain reflectometer (TDR) is used to analyze the characteristics of transmission lines by sending a pulse down the line and measuring the reflections that occur. The combination that is most effective for this purpose involves an oscilloscope and a pulse generator.

The pulse generator is essential as it produces the electrical pulses that are sent along the transmission line. These pulses can reveal various abnormalities and characteristics of the line, such as impedance mismatches, connectors, and other discontinuities. The oscilloscope, on the other hand, allows for the visualization of the reflected pulses. By displaying these reflections, the oscilloscope helps in analyzing the time it takes for a pulse to travel down the line and back, which is crucial for diagnosing any issues along the transmission path.

This combination is fundamental in effectively using a TDR for troubleshooting and characterizing transmission lines, as it provides both the means to generate the signal and the capability to observe the response, which ultimately allows for understanding line quality and identifying faults.

Other combinations listed, such as a signal analyzer with a pulse generator or a frequency counter with a power meter, would not provide the necessary visualization of the time-domain behavior of the reflections in the same way. These tools serve different purposes and are not