In a closed-loop op-amp circuit, which of the following determines the output voltage?

In a closed-loop operational amplifier (op-amp) circuit, the output voltage is primarily determined by the feedback network. This feedback network typically consists of resistive elements that set the gain of the amplifier based on the ratio of feedback resistor values.

The feedback configuration establishes how much of the output voltage is fed back to the inverting input terminal of the op-amp. As a result, when an input voltage is applied, the op-amp amplifies it according to the gain set by the feedback network, allowing for precise control of the output voltage. This feedback mechanism aids in stabilizing the circuit and allowing for linear operation within the limits defined by the supply voltage.

Other factors, such as the input voltage and supply voltage, do influence the output, but the feedback network is crucial because it directly governs the relationship between the input voltage and the output voltage. The phase shift may play a role in certain dynamic scenarios, but it does not directly define the output voltage in this context. Thus, the feedback network is the key determining factor in establishing the output voltage in a closed-loop op-amp configuration.